Essay on Faith and Reason - 1797 Words

Pope John Paul II once said, â€Å"Faith and reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth; and God has placed in the human heart a desire to know the truth – in a word, to know himself – so that, by knowing and loving God, men and women may also come to the fullness of truth about themselves.† (Fallible Blogma) Based on this significant and powerful quote, one can infer that faith and reason are directly associated and related. It can also be implied that the combination of faith and reason allows one to seek information and knowledge about truth and God; based on various class discussions and past academic teachings, it is understood that both faith and reason are the instruments that diverse parties†¦show more content†¦Thomas Aquinas are considered to be scholastics. Because of this vast academic difference, it can be easy to assume that the interpretation of faith and reason among mystics and scholastics wou ld obviously be different. However, since Ibn Rushd, Moses Maimonides and St. Thomas Aquinas are all scholastics their views will essentially be somewhat parallel and connected. Before being able to truly understand what each philosopher’s stance ultimately is, this writer feels that it is important to distinguish the difference between each school of thought; the schools of thought in particular would be mysticism and scholasticism. According to the class discussion, materials and presentation, the term mysticism refers to a very personal and individual religious experience. In this school of thought, private faith and philosophy is accompanied with an emotional experience that surpasses reason. Mystics have a personal preference of a direct relationship and experience with God, or the divine. Mystics, like the ones studied in class, use certain visions, dreams and revelations to gain definite knowledge from God; further, mystics typically revolve their studies around Godâ⠂¬â„¢s infinite love. Conversely, the other school of thought is scholasticism; based on the class materials, it is understood that scholasticism refers to various methods and diverse ways of teaching in academic institutions. Differently from mysticism, this school of thought combines faith and reason.Show MoreRelatedThe Between Faith And Reason Essay1201 Words   |  5 Pagesanalyze the balance between faith and reason in human life. All three men are on personal journeys to better understand not only themselves, but their faith as well. Although the three have different writing styles, Augustine’s The Confessions, Aquinas’ Summa Contra Gentiles, and Dante Alighieri’s The Divine Comedy, all share the common theme of faith and reason. These pieces of writing are extremely influential, which are why they continue to be studied today. Faith and reason will always be a popularRead MoreFaith and Reason Essay1035 Words   |  5 PagesFaith and Reason Faith and reason can be viewed as opposites. Faith is an element of belief, something an individual does not necessarily require a reason for accepting without reason. For example, an individual’s reason for believing in God may not seem too rational when they are trying to explain them. They may not even stand up to criticism. On the other hand, reason is constructed as a formula. Faith is basically something we believe in, like something we learn in church. Reason is somethingRead MoreThe Compatibility of Faith and Reason1226 Words   |  5 Pagessolely to the concept of reason, or the phenomenon that allows human beings to use their senses to draw conclusions about the world around them, to try and understand the environment that they live in. However, there are some that look to faith, or the concept of believing in a higher power as the reason for our existence. Being that this is a fundamental issue for humanity, there have been many attempts to explain what role each concept plays. It is my belief that faith and reason are both needed to gainRead MoreQuestions On Reason And Faith1357 Words   |  6 Pages Reason and Faith in our Society Giovanni Hernandez Father Ibarra Introduction to Philosophy Giovanni Hernandez Introduction to Philosophy Father Ibarra December 2, 2014 Fides et ratio â€Å"The more human beings know reality and the world, the more they know themselves in their uniqueness†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I believe that as humans beings we tend to lose ourselves in our everyday lives, consumed by mundane task and the world around us, that we fail to see the bigger pictureRead MoreThe Real Reason And Faith1709 Words   |  7 PagesNow possessing both reason and faith, she wrote a series of three articles titled The Real Reason in which she noted, â€Å"It is not that you abandon your reason†¦but rather having gone as far as your reason will carry you, God, at your prayerful request, carries it into the realm of Faith. And Supernatural aid lifts and illumines earthly reason.† Her confessions amidst these articles was a Clare so far from the â€Å"restless,† Nietzsche inspired, Catholic shaming, â€Å"husband snatching,† â€Å"money-marrying,†Read MoreFaith Reason Imagination2101 Words   |  9 PagesFAITH REASON IMAGINATION FAITH. Faith, in the religious sense, is the belief based upon our spiritual connections with God. Faith aids, stabilizes and nourishes us spiritually allowing our knowledge of his words to grow. Since there are so many different religious faiths, one must indulge in the one that is closer to home. Christianity is the religion that is dominant in the United States. It is faith and belief that Jesus Christ is the son of God, The Father, and that He was send to earthRead MoreEssay on Faith and Reason2144 Words   |  9 PagesFaith and reason were two modes of belief that dominated the history of Western Civilization. Both faith and reason were popularized as tools to understand the universe in Greco-Roman and Judeo-Christian eras. By conflicting with each other, these two modes of belief sparked a lot of controversy. Reason or rationality is belief based on concrete evidence and logic. The development of one’s reason relies heavily on observation and questioning. Greco-Roman philosop hers believed in the power of theRead MoreThe Relationship between Faith and Reason1369 Words   |  6 PagesESSAY FaithReason â€Å"Faith and Reason are like two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth† Explain the dangers for a theologian when faith and reason are divorced from each other. Use at least one example of a Christian teaching that shows the harmony of faith and reason The harmony of faith and reason are the grounds upon which many Christian teachings are built. This relationship enhances elements of both constructs, however the danger of separating reason from faithRead MoreThe Interdependence Between Faith and Reason766 Words   |  3 Pagesargument between faith and reason may be just another way for people to simplify things. It may very well be an excuse. People may want to cling to an extreme, which is reason or faith, because of personal bias. But faith is not simply the act of believing in God. Faith comes to use in everybody’s lives, regardless or not if they are atheists, theists, or agnostics. It is as useful as reason is. Faith cannot be seen as the polar opposite of reason. It must be seen as a companion to reason. There is notRead MoreFaith and Reason: Can They Coexist?1064 Words   |  4 PagesFaith Vs. Reason The definition of faith is confidence or trust in a person, thing, deity, or in the doctrines or teachings of a religion or view. The word faith is often used as a synonym for hope, trust or belief. In â€Å"contrast† the definition of Reason is the capacity for consciously making sense of things, applying logic, for establishing and verifying facts, and changing or justifying practices, institutions, and beliefs based on new or existing information. It is closely associated with such

Essay about Movie Icons - 1614 Words

In the early 20th century, women idolized movie icons such as Marilyn Monroe and Camille Clifford. Around 1900s, Camille Clifford started the trend where the standards of beauty were set around 140 pounds, at 5’4† feet tall. Back then, the ideal female body is by having a smaller mid-section (e.g. hourglass ideal/corsets). Marilyn Monroe’s tiny waist and seemingly large bust line triggered female fans to start to engage more on physical activities. The outburst on slender-looking portrayal of body-image began in early 1960s (e.g. Fashion icon, Twiggy). Most western societies experience enormous pressures on individuals to conform and achieve the thin-ideal. This influence by mass-media affects just about anyone including males and females,†¦show more content†¦Historically, body image research primarily focused on the concerns of women; however, recent findings suggest that men are also experiencing high levels of dissatisfaction with their physical appea rance. These findings suggest that men desire a body that is high in muscularity and/or low in body fat. The dissatisfaction that arises from the discrepancy between actual and ideal physiques is associated with a number of physical and psychological health problems, including the use of performance-enhancing substances, disordered eating, depression, and low Early research suggested that the criteria used by men and women to evaluate their physical selves differed, with physical attractiveness determining women’s self-worth and instrumentality determining men’s self-worth. Many argue that the importance of physical attractiveness for women’s self-evaluations arose because of the salience of cultural ideals in the media that promote viewing women as objects. Although the cultural ideals of men have not historically focused on appearance (Franzoi, 1995), our premise is that rates of body dissatisfaction among men have increased because men compare themselves to media ideals that increasingly promote aesthetic versus instrumental attributes. A growing body of research suggests that media portrayal of the thin-ideal has negative effects on body satisfaction, but has this knowledge translated into practical solutions?Show MoreRelated Tarkovskys Cinema Essay1026 Words   |  5 Pagesis undeniably strong. It is as if the viewer’s mind, unable to read the characters’ eyes, turns away from the distractions of the world towards deeper and unspeakable regions, thus reacting in a way comparable to the beholder of a holy face in an icon. (143) Whether Andrei Rublev (Andrei Tarkovsky 1966/1969) ‘accurately’ or precisely reveals the reality of life in the 15th century has nothing to do with any actual audiences’ reactions to the film as experience. Instead, what we can feel is theRead MoreStar Wars Pop Culture Icon1043 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican culture. Today in the United States a person would be hard-pressed to fined a movie showing in theaters that does not have a soundtrack out, t-shirt even action figures that go along with it. So where did this idea of marketing out come from? Simple. Star Wars. Thanks to the cultural influence of George Lucas’ Star Wars there is not a director in Hollywood that doesn’t look to cash in through other forms of movie sales. In late 1975 George Lucas began directing something that would soon becomeRead MorePop Princesses of Perversion Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pagespedophilic messages down the throat of America. Yet another former sugar-pop princess corrupting the morals of our youth is the singing sensation Christina Aguilera-- who first made her debut singing an innocent love song written for the Disney movie quot;Mulanquot; Many people also remember her cute, sap-filled lyrics from her first chart topper quot;Im a Genie In a Bottlequot;, yet she didnt achieve true star status until she took off some clothes and began belting out sexual double entendresRead MorePostmodern Art in Andy Warhol ´s Silvier Liz as Cleopatra1194 Words   |  5 Pagesin traditional ancient Egyptian costume with her alluring gaze guided away from the audience. Her trademark jet black hair is painted, and her makeup is applied in a dramatic fashion. The overall art piece portrays the actress in snapshots from her movie where she is the lead role thus stressing her fame on the silver screen. Through mass production, Andy Warhol has made Elizabeth Taylor and her role as Cleopatra a permanent and important componen t of art history. Read MoreMedia Role Models and the Effect on Children3275 Words   |  14 Pagesactors who are normal people into popular icons and superstars who are idolized by the public, in this case children. Because the media is profit driven those in charge try to create a demand for their products, which are their movies, cartoons or music, so they employ all kinds of techniques to sell their products to their target market, which happens to be children. So these people in charge of the media houses, the broadcast stations, record labels, and movie producers must make their product appealRead MoreEssay on pulp fiction2691 Words   |  11 Pages Pulp Fiction (1994) is a mesmerizing, violent and entertaining movie. It has a bizarre cast of characters, a nonlinear sequence of events and endless references to pop culture. The underlying theme of the movie, however, deals with religion and the transformation of two characters: Jules (Samuel L. Jackson) and Butch (Bruce Willis). nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In the beginning of the film, Vincent (John Travolta) has returned from a stay in Amsterdam, and the conversation between Jules and VincentRead MoreBattle of the Woods: Nollywood Versus Hollywood980 Words   |  4 Pagesextremely unsuccessful, Hollywood movies are always first shown in cinemas across the world, before they are released on DVD. Nollywood films, on the other hand, do not put in a lot of money and effort on the marketing of their films. Other than the movie posters which are usually seen at the selling point of the films, not much advertising is employed. As all Nollywood films go straight to DVD and VCD discs, the industry thrives on direct-to-video marketing. As many as thirty new titles are deliveredRead MoreEssay about Hollywoods Biggest Stars2278 Words   |  10 PagesAmericans? Is it her humongous mouth, her toothy grin, or those â€Å"Pretty Woman† legs of hers, which by the way were not her own in the movie? No. It is a certain image that Hollywood and its circle of cooperating tabloids and media giants are creating to have people believe that she is this wonderful individual, one worthy of paying our eight dollars to see in a movie. Why do we associate Julia Roberts with the phrase â€Å"America’s Sweetheart†? Because this is a heading that appears above her photographRead MoreFeminist Analysis Of Legally Blonde1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe 2001 comedy film Legally Blonde tells the story of Elle Woods, an upbeat and optimistic sorority girl who, over the course of the movie, transitions from a simple college student with few professional aspirations into a successful law student. Elle initially presents herself as a stereotypical sorority girl: vain, superficial, and self-obsessed. As such, she consistently faces discrimination from her friends, family, and colleagues alike. The film wants the audience to view Elle as a woman whoRead MoreThe Wayfarer, A Technical Revolution894 Words   |à ‚  4 Pages) With bayley compares the ray-ban with two american design icons: The Eames chairs and the Caddilac fins. Which was according to Rayban itself the Wayfarers edgy corners where inspired from. the popularity of the ray-ban has its .. to the fact that it has an radically changed shape and dangerous look, making it a thrue american design classic. The wayfarer was made populair in 50s by hollywood celeberty James dean. With this icon wearing the wayfarer, the Ray-ban brand *defenitief* made the

Project Quality and Risk Management Free Essays

Phase 5-DB Project Quality and Risk Management PM610-Project Management, Execution, and Closure Risk is best defined basically as the potential to suffer a loss of some sort. Risk analysis is the process of defining and analyzing the dangers to individuals, businesses and government agencies posed by potential natural and human-caused adverse events. In IT, a risk analysis report can be used to align technology-related objectives with a company’s business objectives. We will write a custom essay sample on Project Quality and Risk Management or any similar topic only for you Order Now A risk analysis report can be either quantitative or qualitative. (Search Mid-Market Security 2010). Now that we understand what risk analysis is, ley us examine the two types: qualitative and quantitative. Qualitative risk analysis is the most popular and does not involve any numerical probabilities or predictions of loss. The qualitative method certainly does involve defining the various threats, determining the extent of vulnerabilities and devising countermeasures should an attack occur. Quantitative risk analysis attempts to numerically determine the probabilities of various adverse events to the likelihood of the losses if it is a particular event that takes place. Qualitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when you need to determine which risk are important enough to manage. On way is to identify the severity of the impact to the project in terms of high, medium, or low. Also when you want to estimate the probability of the risk occurring in terms of high, medium, or low. So getting a quick estimate, not so much as counting them, will help to gauge how the project is doing in the project life cycle. Quantitative risk analysis is appropriate to use when your objective is to calculate the numeric values for each component of the data gathered during the risk assessment and the cost benefit analysis. For example, the true value of each business asset in terms is estimated in terms of what it would cost to replace it, what it would cost in terms of lost productivity, what it would cost in terms of brand reputation, and other direct and indirect business values. The process requires the user to attempt to use the same objectivity when computing asset exposure, cost of controls, and all of the other values that are identified during the risk management process. (Information Network and Security, 2013) For the IRTC customer service system project, I think I will use both the qualitative and quantitative risk analysis methods to some degree. Using the qualitative risk method will take into consideration the additional funds and resources needed as well as the extra hours it will take to complete the add-on to the project. The quantitative method will help manage the risk factor whether high, medium, or low to show the vendors, the project team and management what to tackle first. This will be especially helpful as the change request is going through appropriations. References Rouse, Margaret (2010). Definition Risk Analysis Retrieved on 19 March 2013, from www. searchmidmarketsecurity. techtarget/com The Security Practitioner (2013). An Introduction to Information, Network and Security. Quantitative Risk Assessment. Retrieved on 20 March 2013, from www. security. practitioner. com How to cite Project Quality and Risk Management, Essay examples

How to Read Literature Like a Professor free essay sample

How to Read Literature Like a Professor: A Lively and Entertaining Guide to Reading Between the Lines by Thomas C. Foster In Arthur Conan Doyles The Red-Headed League, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. John Watson both observe Jabez Wilson carefully, yet their differing interpretations of the same details reveal the difference between a Good Reader and a Bad Reader. Watson can only describe what he sees; Holmes has the knowledge to interpret what he sees, to draw conclusions, and to solve the mystery. Understanding literature need no longer be a mystery Thomas Fosters book will help transform you from a naive, sometimes confused Watson to an insightful, literary Holmes. Professors and other informed readers see symbols, archetypes, and patterns because those things are there if you have learned to look for them. As Foster says, you learn to recognize the literary conventions the same way you get to Carnegie Hall. Practice. (xiv). Note to students: These short writing assignments will let you practice your literary analysis and they will help me get to know you and your literary tastes. Whenever I ask for an example from literature, you may use short stories, novels, plays, or films (Yes, film is a literary genre). If your literary repertoire is thin and undeveloped, use the Appendix to jog your memory or to select additional works to explore. At the very least, watch some of the Movies to Read that are listed on pages 293-294. Please note that your responses should be paragraphs not pages! Even though this is analytical writing, you may use I if you deem it important to do so; remember, however, that most uses of I are just padding. For example, I think the wolf is the most important character in Little Red Ridinghood' is padded. As you compose each written response, re-phrase the prompt as part of your answer. In other words, I should be able to tell which question you are answering without referring back to the prompts. Concerning mechanics, pay special attention to pronouns. Make antecedents clear. Say Foster first; not he. Remember to capitalize and punctuate titles properly for each genre. Introduction: Howd He Do That? How do memory, symbol, and pattern affect the reading of literature? How does the recognition of patterns make it easier to read complicated literature? Discuss a time when your appreciation of a literary work was enhanced by understanding symbol or pattern. Chapter 1 Every Trip Is a Quest (Except When Its Not) List the five aspects of the QUEST and then apply them to something you have read (or viewed) in the form used on pages 3-5. Chapter 2 Nice to Eat with You: Acts of Communion Choose a meal from a literary work and apply the ideas of Chapter 2 to this literary depiction. Chapter 3: Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires What are the essentials of the Vampire story? Apply this to a literary work you have read or viewed. Chapter 4 If Its Square, Its a Sonnet Select three sonnets and show which form they are. Discuss how their content reflects the form. (Submit copies of the sonnets, marked to show your analysis). Chapter 5 Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before? Define intertextuality. Discuss three examples that have helped you in reading specific works. Chapter 6 When in Doubt, Its from Shakespeare Discuss a work that you are familiar with that alludes to or reflects Shakespeare. Show how the author uses this connection thematically. Read pages 44-46 carefully. In these pages, Foster shows how Fugard reflects Shakespeare through both plot and theme. In your discussion, focus on theme. Chapter 7 Or the Bible Read Araby. † Discuss Biblical allusions that Foster does not mention. Look at the example of the two great jars. Be creative and imaginative in these connections. Chapter 8 Hanseldee and Greteldum Think of a work of literature that reflects a fairy tale. Discuss the parallels. Does it create irony or deepen appreciation? Chapter 9 Its Greek to Me Write a free verse poem derived or inspired by characters or situations from Greek mythology. Be prepared to share your poem with the class. Chapter 10 Its More Than Just Rain or Snow Discuss the importance of weather in a specific literary work, not in terms of plot. Interlude Does He Mean That Chapter 11 More Than Its Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence Present examples of the two kinds of violence found in literature. Show how the effects are different. Chapter 12 Is That a Symbol? Use the process described on page 106 and investigate the symbolism of the fence in Araby. (Mangans sister stands behind it. ) Chapter 13 Its All Political Assume that Foster is right and it is all political. Use his criteria to show that one of the major works assigned to you as students is political. Chapter 14 Yes, Shes a Christ Figure, Too Apply the criteria on page 119 to a major character in a significant literary work. Try to choose a character that will have many matches. This is a particularly apt tool for analyzing film for example, Star Wars, Cool Hand Luke, Excalibur, Malcolm X, Braveheart, Spartacus, Gladiator and Ben-Hur. Chapter 15 Flights of Fancy Select a literary work in which flight signifies escape or freedom. Explain in detail. Chapter 18 If She Comes Up, Its Baptism Think of a baptism scene from a significant literary work. How was the character different after the experience? Discuss. Chapter 19 Geography Matters Discuss at least four different aspects of a specific literary work that Foster would classify under geography. Chapter 20 So Does Season Find a poem that mentions a specific season. Then discuss how the poet uses the season in a meaningful, traditional, or unusual way. (Submit a copy of the poem with your analysis. ) Chapter 21 Marked for Greatness Figure out Harry Potters scar. If you arent familiar with Harry Potter, select another character with a physical imperfection and analyze its implications for characterization. Chapter 24 And Rarely Just Illness Recall two characters who died of a disease in a literary work. Consider how these deaths reflect the principles governing the use of disease in literature (215-217). Discuss the effectiveness of the death as related to plot, theme, or symbolism. Chapter 25 Dont Read with Your Eyes After reading Chapter 25, choose a scene or episode from a novel, play or epic written before the twentieth century. Contrast how it could be viewed by a reader from the twenty-first century with how it might be viewed by a contemporary reader. Focus on specific assumptions that the author makes, assumptions that would not make it in this century. Chapter 26 Is He Serious? And Other Ironies Select an ironic literary work and explain the multivocal nature of the irony in the work. Chapter 27 A Test Case Read The Garden Party by Katherine Mansfield, the short story starting on page 245. Complete the exercise on pages 265-266, following the directions exactly. Then compare your writing with the three examples. How did you do? What does the essay that follows comparing Laura with Persephone add to your appreciation of Mansfields story? From How to Read Literature Like a Professor Thomas C. Foster Notes by Marti Nelson 1. Every Trip is a Quest (except when it’s not): a. A quester b. A place to go c. A stated reason to go there d. Challenges and trials e. The real reason to go—always self-knowledge 2. Nice to Eat With You: Acts of Communion a. Whenever people eat or drink together, it’s communion b. Not usually religious c. An act of sharing and peace d. A failed meal carries negative connotations 3. Nice to Eat You: Acts of Vampires a. Literal Vampirism: Nasty old man, attractive but evil, violates a young woman, leaves his mark, takes her innocence b. Sexual implications—a trait of 19th century literature to address sex indirectly c. Symbolic Vampirism: selfishness, exploitation, refusal to respect the autonomy of other people, using people to get what we want, placing our desires, particularly ugly ones, above the needs of another. 4. If It’s Square, It’s a Sonnet 5. Now, Where Have I Seen Her Before? a. There is no such thing as a wholly original work of literature—stories grow out of other stories, poems out of other poems. . There is only one story—of humanity and human nature, endlessly repeated c. â€Å"Intertexuality†Ã¢â‚¬â€recognizing the connections between one story and another deepens our appreciation and experience, brings multiple layers of meaning to the text, which we may not be conscious of. The more consciously aware we are, the more alive the text become s to us. d. If you don’t recognize the correspondences, it’s ok. If a story is no good, being based on Hamlet won’t save it. 6. When in Doubt, It’s from Shakespeare†¦ a. Writers use what is common in a culture as a kind of shorthand. Shakespeare is pervasive, so he is frequently echoed. b. See plays as a pattern, either in plot or theme or both. Examples: i. Hamlet: heroic character, revenge, indecision, melancholy nature ii. Henry IV—a young man who must grow up to become king, take on his responsibilities iii. Othello—jealousy iv. Merchant of Venice—justice vs. mercy v. King Lear—aging parent, greedy children, a wise fool 7. †¦Or the Bible a. Before the mid 20th century, writers could count on people being very familiar with Biblical stories, a common touchstone a writer can tap b. Common Biblical stories with symbolic implications i. Garden of Eden: women tempting men and causing their fall, the apple as symbolic of an object of temptation, a serpent who tempts men to do evil, and a fall from innocence ii. David and Goliath—overcoming overwhelming odds iii. Jonah and the Whale—refusing to face a task and being â€Å"eaten† or overwhelmed by it anyway. iv. Job: facing disasters not of the character’s making and not the character’s fault, suffers as a result, but remains steadfast v. The Flood: rain as a form of destruction; rainbow as a promise of restoration vi. Christ figures (a later chapter): in 20th century, often used ironically vii. The Apocalypse—Four Horseman of the Apocalypse usher in the end of the world. viii. Biblical names often draw a connection between literary character and Biblical charcter. 8. Hanseldee and Greteldumusing fairy tales and kid lit a. Hansel and Gretel: lost children trying to find their way home b. Peter Pan: refusing to grow up, lost boys, a girl-nurturer/ c. Little Red Riding Hood: See Vampires d. Alice in Wonderland, The Wizard of Oz: entering a world that doesn’t work rationally or operates under different rules, the Red Queen, the White Rabbit, the Cheshire Cat, the Wicked Witch of the West, the Wizard, who is a fraud e. Cinderella: orphaned girl abused by adopted family saved through supernatural intervention and by marrying a prince f. Snow White: Evil woman who brings death to an innocent—again, saved by heroic/princely character g. Sleeping Beauty: a girl becoming a woman, symbolically, the needle, blood=womanhood, the long sleep an avoidance of growing up and becoming a married woman, saved by, guess who, a prince who fights evil on her behalf. h. Evil Stepmothers, Queens, Rumpelstilskin i. Prince Charming heroes who rescue women. (20th c. frequently switched—the women save the men—or used highly ironically) 9. It’s Greek to Me a. Myth is a body of story that matters—the patterns present in mythology run deeply in the human psyche b. Why writers echo myth—because there’s only one story (see #4) c. Odyssey and Iliad i. Men in an epic struggle over a woman ii. Achilles—a small weakness in a strong man; the need to maintain one’s dignity iii. Penelope (Odysseus’s wife)—the determination to remain faithful and to have faith iv. Hector: The need to protect one’s family d. The Underworld—an ultimate challenge, facing the darkest parts of human nature or dealing with death e. Metamorphoses by Ovid—transformation (Kafka) f. Oedipus: family triangles, being blinded, dysfunctional family g. Cassandra: refusing to hear the truth 10. 11. 12. 13. h. A wronged woman gone violent in her grief and madness—Aeneas and Dido or Jason and Medea i. Mother love—Demeter and Persephone It’s more than just rain or snow a. Rain i. fertility and life ii. Noah and the flood iii. Drowning—one of our deepest fears b. Why? i. plot device ii. atmospherics iii. misery factor—challenge characters iv. democratic element—the rain falls on the just and the unjust alike c. Symbolically i. rain is clean—a form of purification, baptism, removing sin or a stain ii. ain is restorative—can bring a dying earth back to life iii. destructive as well—causes pneumonia, colds, etc. ; hurricanes, etc. iv. Ironic use—April is the cruelest month (T. S. Eliot, The Wasteland) v. Rainbow—God’s promise never to destroy the world again; hope; a promise of peace between heaven and earth vi. fog—almost always signals some sort of confusion; mental, ethical, physical â€Å"fog†; people can’t see clearly d. Snow i. negatively—cold, stark, inhospitable, inhuman, nothingness, death ii. positively—clean, pure, playful †¦More Than It’s Gonna Hurt You: Concerning Violence a. Violence can be symbolic, thematic, biblical, Shakespearean, Romantic, allegorical, transcendent. b. Two categories of violence in literature i. Character caused—shootings, stabbings, drownings, poisonings, bombings, hit and run, etc ii. Death and suffering for which the characters are not responsible. Accidents are not really accidents. c. Violence is symbolic action, but hard to generalize meaning d. Questions to ask: i. What does this type of misfortune represent thematically? ii. What famous or mythic death does this one resemble? iii. Why this sort of violence and not some other? Is That a Symbol? a. Yes. But figuring out what is tricky. Can only discuss possible meanings and interpretations b. There is no one definite meaning unless it’s an allegory, where characters, events, places have a one-on-one correspondence symbolically to other things. (Animal Farm) c. Actions, as well as objects and images, can be symbolic. i. e. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost d. How to figure it out? Symbols are built on associations readers have, but also on emotional reactions. Pay attention to how you feel about a text. It’s All Political a. Literature tends to be written by people interested in the problems of the world, so most works have a political element in them b. Issues: i. Individualism and self-determination against the needs of society for conformity and stability. ii. Power structures iii. Relations among classes iv. issues of justice and rights v. interactions between the sexes and among various racial and ethnic constituencies. 14. Yes, She’s a Christ Figure, Too a. Characteristics of a Christ Figure: i. crucified, wounds in hands, feet, side, and head, often portrayed with arms outstretched ii. in agony iii. self-sacrificing iv. good with children v. good with loaves, fishes, water, wine vi. thirty-three years of age when last seen vii. mployed as a carpenter viii. known to use humble modes of transportation, feet or donkeys preferred ix. believed to have walked on water x. known to have spent time alone in the wilderness xi. believed to have had a confrontation with the devil, possibly tempted xii. last seen in the company of thieves xiii. creator of many aphorisms and parables xiv. buried, but arose on the third day xv. had di sciples, twelve at first, although not all equally devoted xvi. very forgiving xvii. came to redeem an unworthy world b. As a reader, put aside belief system. c. Why us Christ figures? Deepens our sense of a character’s sacrifice, thematically has to do with redemption, hope, or miracles. d. If used ironically, makes the character look smaller rather than greater 15. Flights of Fancy a. Daedalus and Icarus b. Flying was one of the temptations of Christ c. Symbolically: freedom, escape, the flight of the imagination, spirituality, return home, largeness of spirit, love d. Interrupted flight generally a bad thing e. Usually not literal flying, but might use images of flying, birds, etc. f. Irony trumps everything 16. If She Comes Up, It’s Baptism a. Baptism is symbolic death and rebirth as a new individual b. Drowning is symbolic baptism, IF the character comes back up, symbolically reborn. But drowning on purpose can also represent a form of rebirth, a choosing to enter a new, different life, leaving an old one behind. c. Traveling on water—rivers, oceans—can symbolically represent baptism. i. e. young man sails away from a known world, dies out of one existence, and comes back a new person, 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. hence reborn. Rivers can also represent the River Styx, the mythological river separating the world from the Underworld, another form of transformation, passing from life into death. d. Rain can by symbolic baptism as well—cleanses, washes e. Sometimes the water is symbolic too—the prairie has been compared to an ocean, walking in a blizzard across snow like walking on water, crossing a river from one existence to another (Beloved) f. There’s also rebirth/baptism implied when a character is renamed. Geography Matters†¦ a. What represents home, family, love, security? b. What represents wilderness, danger, confusion? i. e. tunnels, labyrinths, jungles c. Geography can represent the human psyche (Heart of Darkness) d. Going south=running amok and running amok means having a direct, raw ncounter with the subconscious. e. Low places: swamps, crowds, fog, darkness, fields, heat, unpleasantness, people, life, death f. High places: snow, ice, purity, thin air, clear views, isolation, life, death †¦So Does Season a. Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter=youth, adulthood, middle age, old age/death. b. Spring=fertility, life, happiness, growth, resurrect ion (Easter) c. Fall=harvest, reaping what we sow, both rewards and punishments d. Winter=hibernation, lack of growth, death, punishment e. Christmas=childhood, birth, hope, family f. Irony trumps all â€Å"April is the cruelest month† from The Wasteland Marked for Greatness a. Physical marks or imperfections symbolically mirror moral, emotional, or psychological scars or imperfections. b. Landscapes can be marked as well—The Wasteland by T. S. Eliot c. Physical imperfection, when caused by social imperfection, often reflects not only the damage inside the individual, but what is wrong with the culture that causes such damage d. Monsters i. Frankenstein—monsters created through no fault of their own; the real monster is the maker ii. Faust—bargains with the devil in exchange for one’s soul iii. Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde—the dual nature of humanity, that in each of us, no matter how well-made or socially groomed, a monstrous Other exists. iv. Quasimodo, Beauty and the Beast—ugly on the outside, beautiful on the inside. The physical deformity reflects the opposite of the truth. He’s Blind for a Reason, You Know a. Physical blindness mirrors psychological, moral, intellectual (etc. ) blindness b. Sometimes ironic; the blind see and sighted are blind c. Many times blindness is metaphorical, a failure to see—reality, love, truth, etc. d. darkness=blindness; light=sight It’s Never Just Heart Disease . Heart disease=bad love, loneliness, cruelty, disloyalty, cowardice, lack of determination. b. Socially, something on a larger scale or something seriously amiss at the heart of things (Heart of Darkness) †¦And Rarely Just Illness a. Not all illnesses are created equal. Tuberculosis occurs frequently; cholera does not because of the reasons below b. It should be picturesque c. It should be mysterious in origin d. It should have strong symbolic or metaphorical possibilities i. Tuberculosis—a wasting disease ii. Physical paralysis can mirror moral, social, spiritual, intellectual, political paralysis iii. Plague: divine wrath; the communal aspect and philosophical possibilities of suffering on a large scale; the isolation an despair created by wholesale destruction; the puniness of humanity in the face of an indifferent natural world iv. Malaria: means literally â€Å"bad air† with the attendant metaphorical possibilities. v. Venereal disease: reflects immorality OR innocence, when the innocent suffer because of another’s immorality; passed on to a spouse or baby, men’s exploitation of women vi. AIDS: the modern plague. Tendency to lie dormant for years, victims unknowing carriers of death, disproportionately hits young people, poor, etc. An opportunity to show courage and resilience and compassion (or lack of); political and religious angles vii. The generic fever that carries off a child 23. Don’t Read with Your Eyes a. You must enter the reality of the book; don’t read from your own fixed position in 2005. Find a reading perspective that allows for sympathy with the historical movement of the story, that understands the text as having been written against its own social, historical, cultural, and personal background. b. We don’t have to accept the values of another culture to sympathetically step into a story and recognize the universal qualities present there. 4. Is He Serious? And Other Ironies a. Irony trumps everything. Look for it. b. Example: Waiting for Godot—journeys, quests, self-knowledge turned on its head. Two men by the side of a road they never take and which never brings anything interesting their way. c. Irony doesn’t work for everyone. Difficult to warm to, hard f or some to recognize which causes all sorts of problems. Satanic Verses , nknknl 25. Test Case: A Reading of â€Å"The Garden Party† by Katherine Mansfield Works referenced in How to Read Literature Like a Professor Chapter 1. Quest The Crying of Lot 49 Title Genre novel novel novel movie movie Author Thomas Pynchon Mark Twain J. R. R. Tolkein George Lucus Alfred Hitchcock Adventures of Huckleberry Finn Lord of the Rings Star Wars North by Northwest 2. Food as Communion Tom Jones (excerpt) Cathedral Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant The Dead novel SS Henry Fielding Raymond Carver Anne Tyler SS novel play novel novel novella novel novel novel novels James Joyce Bram Stoker William Shakespeare Charles Dickens Robert Louis Stevenson Henry James Henry James Thomas Hardy Franz Kafka Iris Murdoch 3. Vampires and Ghosts Dracula Hamlet A Christmas Carol Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde The Turn of the Screw Daisy Miller Tess of the Dubervilles Metamorphosis and Hunger Artist A Severed Head, The Unicorn 4. Sonnets 5. Intertextuality Going After Cacciato Alice in Wonderland The Overcoat The Overcoat II† Two Gallants Two More Gallants Beowulf Grendel Wise Children Hamlet, Much Ado About Nothing 6. Shakespeare Allusions Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead A Thousand Acres novel novel SS SS SS SS poem novel novel play play novel John Gardner Angela Carter William Shakespeare Tom Stoppard Jane Smiley Tim O’Brien Lewis Carroll Nikolai Gogal T. Coraghessan Boyle James Joyce William Trevor The Lovesong of J. Alfred Prufrock Master Harold†¦and the boys numerous TV shows and movies 7. Biblical Allusions Araby Beloved The Sun Also Rises Canterbury Tales Holy Sonnets The Wasteland Why I Live at the P. O. Sonny’s Blues, Go Tell It on the Mountain Pulp Fiction East of Eden 8. Fairy Tales Alice in Wonderland, Sleeping Beauty, Snow white, Cinderella, Prince Charming, Hansel and Gretel, The Gingerbread House The Bloody Chamber (collection of stories) 9. Greek Mythology Song of Solomon Musee des Beaux Arts Landscape with Fall of Icarus Omeros (based on Homer) O Brother, Where Art Thou Ulysses 10. Weather The Three Strangers Song of Solomon A Farewell to Arms poem play T. S. Eliot Athol Fugard SS novel novel poem poems poem SS SS movie novel James Joyce Toni Morrison Hemingway Geoffrey Chaucer John Donne T. S. Eliot Eudora Welty James Baldwin Quentin Tarantino John Steinbeck Angela Carter SS SS novel poem poem novel movie novel SS novel novel Robert Coover Angela Carter Toni Morrison W. H. Auden William Carlos Williams Derek Walcott Joel and Ethan Coen James Joyce Thomas Hardy Toni Morrison Earnest Hemingway The Dead The Wasteland The Fish The Snow Man 11. Violence Out, Out†¦ Beloved Women in Love The Fox Barn Burning Beloved 12. Symbolism Pilgrim’s Progress Passage to India Parable of the Cave (The Republic) The Bridge (poem sequence) The Wasteland Mowing, After Apple Picking, The Road Not Taken, Birches 13. Political Writing A Christmas Carol Masque of the Red Death, The Fall of the House of Usher Rip Van Winkle Oedipus at Colonus A Room of One’s Own Mrs. Dalloway 14. Christ Figures 15. Flight Old Man and the Sea Song of Solomon Nights at the Circus SS poem poem poem poem novel novel novella SS novel allegory novel James Joyce T. S. Eliot Elizabeth Bishop Wallace Stevens Robert Frost Toni Morrison D. H. Lawrence D. H. Lawrence William Faulkner Toni Morrison John Bunyan E. M. Forster Plato poem poem poems Hart Crane T. S. Eliot Robert Frost novel SS Charles Dickens Edgar Allen Poe SS play NF novel novella novel ? Washington Irving Sophocles Virginia Woolf Virginia Woolf Earnest Hemingway Toni Morrison Angela Carter A Very Old Man with Enormous Wings Satanic Verses Portrait of and Artist as a Young Man Wild Swans at Coole Birches 16. All About Sex North by Northwest Janus Lady Chatterly’s Lover, Women in Love, The Rocking-Horse Winner (SS) 17. Except Sex French Lieutenant’s Woman A Clockwork Orange Lolita Wise Children 18. Baptism Ordinary People Love Medicine Song of Solomon, Beloved The Horse Dealer’s Daughter The Unicorn 19. Geography The Old Man and the Sea The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Fall of the House of Usher Bean Trees Song of Solomon A Room with a View, A Passage to India Heart of Darkness In Praise of Prairie SS novel novel poem poem movie SS novel Gabriel Garcia Marquez Salmon Rushdie James Joyce William Butler Yeats Robert Frost Alfred Hitchcock Ann Beattie D. H. Lawrence novel novel novel novel novel novel novel SS novel novel novel SS novel novel novel novel poem John Fowles Anthony Burgess Vladimir Nabokov Angela Carter Judith Guest Louise Erdrich Toni Morrison D. H. Lawrence Iris Murdoch Earnest Hemingway Mark Twain Edgar Allen Poe Barbara Kingsolver Toni Morrison E. M. Forster Joseph Conrad Theodore Roethke Bogland In Praise of Limestone The Snows of Kilimanjaro 20. Seasons Sonnet 73, Richard III opening, etc. In Memory of W. B. Yeats After Apple Picking The Wasteland 21. Physical Marks Richard III Song of Solomon, Beloved Oedipus Rex The Sun Also Rises The Wasteland Frankenstein versions of Faust, Dr. Faustus, The Devil and Daniel Webster, Bedazzled (movie), Star Wars The Hunchback of Notre Dame Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde 22. Blindness Oedipus Rex Araby Waiting for Godot 23. Heart Disease The Good Soldier The Man of Adamant Lord Jim Lolita 24. Illiness The Sisters (Dubliners) Illness as Metaphor (literary criticsm) poem poem novel poem poem poem poem play novel play novel poem novel novel, play novel novel play SS play novel SS novel novel SS NF Seamus Heaney W. H. Auden Earnest Hemingway William Shakespeare W. H. Auden Robert Frost T. S. Eliot William Shakespeare Toni Morrison Sophocles Earnest Hemingway T. S. Eliot Mary Shelley Goethe, Marlowe, Stephen Vincent Benet Victor Hugo Robert Louis Stevenson Sophocles James Joyce Samuel Beckett Ford Madox Ford Nathaniel Hawthorne Joseph Conrad Vladimir Nabokov James Joyce Susan Sontag The Plague A Doll’s House The Hours The Masque of the Red Death 25. Don’t Read with Your Eyes The Dead novel play novel SS SS Albert Camus Henrik Ibsen Michael Cunningham Edgar Allen Poe James Joyce Sonny’s Blues The Merchant of Venice 26. Irony Waiting for Godot A Farewell to Arms The Importance of Being Earnest Howard’s End A Clockwork Orange SS play play novel play novel novel James Baldwin William Shakespeare Samuel Beckett Earnest Hemingway Oscar Wilde E. M. Forster Anthony Burgess Writers who frequently take ironic stance: Franz Kafka, Samuel Beckett, James Joyce, Vladimir Nabokov, Angela Carter, T. Coraghessan Boyle, Salman Rushdie 27. A Test Case Uses â€Å"The Garden Party† by Katherine Mansfield as an application of the concepts found in this book. Notes by Marti Nelson Araby By : James Joyce NORTH RICHMOND STREET being blind, was a quiet street except at the hour when the Christian Brothers School set the boys free. An uninhabited house of two storeys stood at the blind end, detached from its neighbours in a square ground The other houses of the street, conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces The former tenant of our house, a priest, had died in the back drawing-room. Air, musty from having been long enclosed, hung in all the rooms, and the waste room behind the kitchen was littered with old useless papers. Among these I found a few paper-covered books, the pages of which were curled and damp: The Abbot, by Walter Scott, The Devout Communnicant and The Memoirs of Vidocq. I liked the last best because its leaves were yellow. The wild garden behind the house contained a central apple-tree and a few straggling bushes under one of which I found the late tenants rusty bicycle-pump. He had been a very charitable priest; in his will he had left all his money to institutions and the furniture of his house to his sister. When the short days of winter came dusk fell before we had well eaten our dinners. When we met in the street the houses had grown sombre. The space of sky above us was the colour of ever-changing violet and towards it the lamps of the street lifted their feeble lanterns. The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed. Our shouts echoed in the silent street. The career of our play brought us through the dark muddy lanes behind the houses where we ran the gauntlet of the rough tribes from the cottages, to the back doors of the dark dripping gardens where odours arose from the ashpits, to the dark odorous stables where a coachman smoothed and combed the horse or shook music from the buckled harness. When we returned to the street light from the kitchen windows had filled the areas. If my uncle was seen turning the corner we hid in the shadow until we had seen him safely housed. Or if Mangans sister came out on the doorstep to call her brother in to his tea we watched her from our shadow peer up and down the street. We waited to see whether she would remain or go in and, if she remained, we left our shadow and walked up to Mangans steps resignedly. She was waiting for us, her figure defined by the light from the halfopened door. Her brother always teased her before he obeyed and I stood by the railings looking at her. Her dress swung as she moved her body and the soft rope of her hair tossed from side to side. Every morning I lay on the floor in the front parlour watching her door. The blind was pulled down to within an inch of the sash so that I could not be seen. When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brown figure always in my eye and, when we came near the point at which our ways diverged, I quickened my pace and passed her. This happened morning after morning. I had never spoken to her, except for a few casual words, and yet her name was like a summons to all my foolish blood. Her image accompanied me even in places the most hostile to romance. On Saturday evenings when my aunt went marketing I had to go to carry some of the parcels. We walked through the flaring streets, jostled by drunken men and bargaining women, amid the curses of labourers, the shrill litanies of shop-boys who stood on guard by the barrels of pigs cheeks, the nasal chanting of street-singers, who sang a come-all-you about ODonovan Rossa, or a ballad about the troubles in our native land. These noises converged in a single sensation of life for me: I imagined that I bore my chalice safely through a throng of foes. Her name sprang to my lips at moments in strange prayers and praises which I myself did not understand. My eyes were often full of tears (I could not tell why) and at times a flood from my heart seemed to pour itself out into my bosom. I thought little of the future. I did not know whether I would ever speak to her or not or, if I spoke to her, how I could tell her of my confused adoration. But my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon the wires. One evening I went into the back drawing-room in which the priest had died. It was a dark rainy evening and there as no sound in the house. Through one of the broken panes I heard the rain impinge upon the earth, the fine incessant needles of water playing in the sodden beds. Some distant lamp or lighted window gleamed below me. I was thankful that I could see so little. All my senses seemed to desire to veil themselves and, feeling that I was about to slip from them, I pressed the palms of my hands to gether until they trembled, murmuring: O love! O love! many times. At last she spoke to me. When she addressed the first words to me I was so confused that I did not know what to answer. She asked me was I going to Araby. I forgot whether I answered yes or no. It would be a splendid bazaar, she said she would love to go. And why cant you? I asked. While she spoke she turned a silver bracelet round and round her wrist. She could not go, she said, because there would be a retreat that week in her convent. Her brother and two other boys were fighting for their caps and I was alone at the railings. She held one of the spikes, bowing her head towards me. The light from the lamp opposite our door caught the white curve of her neck, lit up her hair that rested there and, falling, lit up the hand upon the railing. It fell over one side of her dress and caught the white border of a petticoat, just visible as she stood at ease. Its well for you, she said. If I go, I said, I will bring you something. What innumerable follies laid waste my waking and sleeping thoughts after that evening! I wished to annihilate the tedious intervening days. I chafed against the work of school. At night in my bedroom and by day in the classroom her image came between me and the page I strove to read. The syllables of the word Araby were called to me through the silence in which my soul luxuriated and cast an Eastern enchantment over me. I asked for leave to go to the bazaar on Saturday night. My aunt was surprised and hoped it was not some Freemason affair. I answered few questions in class. I watched my masters face pass from amiability to sternness; he hoped I was not beginning to idle. I could not call my wandering thoughts together. I had hardly any patience with the serious work of life which, now that it stood between me and my desire, seemed to me childs play, ugly monotonous childs play. On Saturday morning I reminded my uncle that I wished to go to the bazaar in the evening. He was fussing at the hallstand, looking for the hat-brush, and answered me curtly: Yes, boy, I know. As he was in the hall I could not go into the front parlour and lie at the window. I left the house in bad humour and walked slowly towards the school. The air was pitilessly raw and already my heart misgave me. When I came home to dinner my uncle had not yet been home. Still it was early. I sat staring at the clock for some time and. when its ticking began to irritate me, I left the room. I mounted the staircase and gained the upper part of the house. The high cold empty gloomy rooms liberated me and I went from room to room singing. From the front window I saw my companions playing below in the street. Their cries reached me weakened and indistinct and, leaning my forehead against the cool glass, I looked over at the dark house where she lived. I may have stood there for an hour, seeing nothing but the brown-clad figure cast by my imagination, touched discreetly by the lamplight at the curved neck, at the hand upon the railings and at the border below the dress. When I came downstairs again I found Mrs. Mercer sitting at the fire. She was an old garrulous woman, a pawnbrokers widow, who collected used stamps for some pious purpose. I had to endure the gossip of the tea-table. The meal was prolonged beyond an hour and still my uncle did not come. Mrs. Mercer stood up to go: she was sorry she couldnt wait any longer, but it was after eight oclock and she did not like to be out late as the night air was bad for her. When she had gone I began to walk up and down the room, clenching my fists. My aunt said: Im afraid you may put off your bazaar for this night of Our Lord. At nine oclock I heard my uncles latchkey in the halldoor. I heard him talking to himself and heard the hallstand rocking when it had received the weight of his overcoat. I could interpret these signs. When he was midway through his dinner I asked him to give me the money to go to the bazaar. He had forgotten. The people are in bed and after their first sleep now, he said. I did not smile. My aunt said to him energetically: Cant you give him the money and let him go? Youve kept him late enough as it is. My uncle said he was very sorry he had forgotten. He said he believed in the old saying: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. He asked me where I was going and, when I had told him a second time he asked me did I know The Arabs Farewell to his Steed. When I left the kitchen he was about to recite the opening lines of the piece to my aunt. I held a florin tightly in my hand as I strode down Buckingham Street towards the station. The sight of the streets thronged with buyers and glaring with gas recalled to me the purpose of my journey. I took my seat in a third-class carriage of a deserted train. After an intolerable delay the train moved out of the station slowly. It crept onward among ruinous house and over the twinkling river. At Westland Row Station a crowd of people pressed to the carriage doors; but the porters moved them back, saying that it was a special train for the bazaar. I remained alone in the bare carriage. In a few minutes the train drew up beside an improvised wooden platform. I passed out on to the road and saw by the lighted dial of a clock that it was ten minutes to ten. In front of me was a large building which displayed the magical name. I could not find any sixpenny entrance and, fearing that the bazaar would be closed, I passed in quickly through a turnstile, handing a shilling to a weary-looking man. I found myself in a big hall girdled at half its height by a gallery. Nearly all the stalls were closed and the greater part of the hall was in darkness. I recognised a silence like that which pervades a church after a service. I walked into the centre of the bazaar timidly. A few people were gathered about the stalls which were still open. Before a curtain, over which the words Cafe Chantant were written in coloured lamps, two men were counting money on a salver. I listened to the fall of the coins. Remembering with difficulty why I had come I went over to one of the stalls and examined porcelain vases and flowered tea- sets. At the door of the stall a young lady was talking and laughing with two young gentlemen. I remarked their English accents and listened vaguely to their conversation. O, I never said such a thing! O, but you did! O, but I didnt! Didnt she say that? Yes. I heard her. 0, theres a fib! Observing me the young lady came over and asked me did I wish to buy anything. The tone of her voice was not encouraging; she seemed to have spoken to me out of a sense of duty. I looked humbly at the great jars that stood like eastern guards at either side of the dark entrance to the stall and murmured: No, thank you. The young lady changed the position of one of the vases and went back to the two young men. They began to talk of the same subject. Once or twice the young lady glanced at me over her shoulder. I lingered before her stall, though I knew my stay was useless, to make my interest in her wares seem the more real. Then I turned away slowly and walked down the middle of the bazaar. I allowed the two pennies to fall against the sixpence in my pocket. I heard a voice call from one end of the gallery that the light was out. The upper part of the hall was now completely dark. Gazing up into the darkness I saw myself as a creature driven and derided by vanity; and my eyes burned with anguish and anger.

Church and state

Introduction During the Roman Empire, Church and State worked together. However, several events occurred that separated them, these included the splitting of church, which later led to various reforms in States. Today most States such as United States and United Kingdom, assume secularist governments that make and apply their laws without necessarily consulting religious sectors.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Church and state specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This has fuelled a number of issues ranging from disruption of prayers in public schools, to institutional conflicts. This paper will explore and identify one of the main issues facing the State and Church; it will also endeavor to recommend solutions to the same. Contemporary Church/State Issues The church and State have had several issues for centuries, most of which still remain unresolved. These issues have instead increased, leaving the question as to whether they will ever be resolved unanswered. Among the issues that face Church and State are separation of Church from State, secularism of the state, Disputes on symbols and mottos as well as conflicts between institutions of State and religious institutions, among others. One of the main issues surrounding Church/State conflict is the role of Church in a State. In most Countries, such as United States and Britain, secularism and cults have infiltrated their policies and law courts. This has continued to draw the Church away from State. Churches no longer correct States; moreover the States have enacted laws that give people freedom of religion. United States is no longer a Christian nation by law. Moreover, the church has been isolated by State, even though it is willing to provide guidance and advice whenever called upon. The Church feels cheated by State since basic structures of States have been infiltrated by what the church believe, are ungodly (cult and secularism). This s eparation, although not uttered publicly, can be seen in the way State conducts its duties as well as the constitution (interpretation of the first amendment). There is no clear boundary given to the Church, however with growing secularism and cults whose symbols take stage in most States, the State’s position becomes clearer, that State has chosen to work without the Church. In fact, nowadays Church guides States only on invitation. Conclusion Church usually tries to guide the State on issues likely to affect people’s focus on God. Nonetheless, this rarely happens in recent times. Both the State and Church feel obliged to lead the people, and this fuels further conflicts as they try to control the population.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The State is increasingly moving away from Church with more infiltrations observed in its structures and institutions, mai nly in the name of freedom and democracy. Cult has taken shape in most States, and this has greatly affected the Church’s influence on State policies. As it looks, The State is increasingly drifting away from Church. Recommendation Going by the happenings in the contemporary Church and State, it is increasingly becoming clear that State feels adequately prepared to work without the Church and so they move in opposite directions. However, Church knows that the State cannot stand alone; it needs guidance and counseling. Church should therefore keep seeking to help the State in every way possible, maybe in the future, the State will embrace it, but even if these issues are not resolved, Church should focus on its duties, or at least what it’s allowed to do, for the good of people. This essay on Church and state was written and submitted by user Brantley Z. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

[WATCH] How to encourage your employees to speak up in meetings

[WATCH] How to encourage your employees to speak up in meetings Attention HR – Introverted or technically focused team members can often struggle when it comes time to publicly contribute to the work conversation.   But we all know we’re better when all our voices are heard. Developing the confidence to actively and intelligently participate in meetings takes some serious courage (and planning). This week’s Bossy Skirt outlines a clear and simple three-part approach that you may find helpful when working with your quieter colleagues.   After all, everyone deserves a chance at the mic.Source:[DailyFuel]

Are Bonus Schemes an Effective Way of Motivating Employees Essay

Are Bonus Schemes an Effective Way of Motivating Employees - Essay Example The definite development of interest in employee motivation can be traced back by about a hundred years to the beginning of the twentieth century, when in essence behavioural scientists studied the behaviour and the response to stimuli, with particular emphasis on material benefits derived from work, for the initial studies had led to the belief that workers increased their effort, based on the monetary benefits received. This led to material benefits and its impact on employee motivation becoming the focus of studies and the basis of motivational action within business environments during approximately fifty years of the history of employee motivation (Latham, 2006). 2. Literature Review Several content and process theories on work motivation have emerged from the efforts put in by work motivational theorists, leading to the requirement of further classification in any study of work motivational studies. This classification is based on human behaviour and that which underlies human motivation in the form of needs, reinforcement, cognition, job characteristics and feelings or emotions (Ramlall, 2004). In 1954, the behavioural scientist Maslow published his theory in motivation called Maslow’s need hierarchy theory or the hierarchy of needs theory. In this theory Maslow postulates that the main driver in human behaviour is the satisfaction of an individual’s needs and he categorised these needs consisting of physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs and put them into five levels (Halepota, 2005). Incentive schemes in business organizations are set up with the purpose of enhancing performance through meeting the needs of the employees. The success of incentive schemes would be high or low depending on the personal context of the employee. In the case of employees at the lower levels of Maslow’s need hierarchy cash rewards by itself act as a means to meeting these basic needs, Those at the highe r levels of Maslow’s need hierarchy may require in addition to cash rewards other rewards, which we could term as ‘satisfaction income’ in terms appreciation, interesting work, freedom at the work and empowerment for satisfaction at the work place. Such rewards have to be fair and irrespective of the various other aspects of motivation at the workplace cash rewards still remain a key incentive for employee performance (Rai, 2004). Kauhanen and Piekkola, 2006, evaluating the motivational effects of performance-related pay schemes and bonus schemes on upper white collar employees in Finland found several important features. Among these features was the finding that for performance-related pay schemes and bonus schemes, the levels of these schemes should be high and frequent enough for positive motivational effects. Lower levels of performance-related pay schemes and bonus schemes do not bring about the desired increase in motivational levels for higher performance behaviour (Kauhanen & Piekkola, 2006) Human relations practices are important to organizational performance

Biology summary of one cephalopod, one bivalve and one chiton of your Essay

Biology summary of one cephalopod, one bivalve and one chiton of your choosing - Essay Example ales use the hectocotylus (a special arm) to dispense packets of sperm (spermatophores) from the reproductive tract’s terminal organ/ cephalopod penis, into the mantle cavity of the females. In benthic octopuses, it is the third arm on the right that serves as the hectocolylus. A few months following this mating process, the males die, and in some octopus species, females have the conditions to keep viable sperms within their bodies until their eggs reach maturity. After fertilization of the eggs, the female lays approximately 200,000 eggs, but such numbers vary depending on the kind of species, genera, families, and the individual octopus. While open octopuses mainly feed on fish, other cephalopods and prawns, the bottom dwellers, on the other hand, feed mainly on clams, whelks, polychaete worms and crabs. Using paralyzing saliva, octopuses inject their prey and break down their bodies using their beaks. As for shelled molluscs, an octopus feeds on them by drilling a hole thr ough their shells, inject their degrading saliva into the hole and extract the inner soft tissues (Campbell & Reece, 2005, p. 86). Octopuses can live in various parts of the ocean such as the ocean floor, pelagic waters and on coral reefs. These organisms have a keen eye sight (that can recognize light polarizations), a good sense of touch and statocysts that detect sound. Octopuses have no internal or external skeletons to enable them squeeze through tight spaces, are intelligent, fast and can mimic shapes of other creatures when hunting for food and are able to avoid predation due to their speed, ability to camouflage, presence of venom and expulsion of ink (Campbell & Reece, 2005, p. 90). An example of a bivalve is a scallop. Scallops belong to the kingdom animalia, phylum millusca, class bivalvia, order ostreoida, sub-orders pectinoida and pectinina, superfamily pectinoidea and family pectinidae. Scallops are bilaterally symmetrical with the scallop composed of two valves/ halves; the

E-Commerce in the 21st Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

E-Commerce in the 21st Century - Essay Example However, E Commerce is no panacea. There are some thorny issues in the implementation of E Commerce; particularly, the technical standards and security issues. The report aims at analysing the benefits of E Commerce to business functions. The report looks at the current technological offerings available to businesses to implement E Commerce. Specific benefits brought about by E Commerce in various systems and sub systems of businesses are considered. The paper also analyses the loopholes of E Commerce solutions that may hamper the companies in the implementation. Finally the case study of COMPANY is considered to bolster the premises of the report. The availability of commodity priced IT systems, high speed and affordable communications infrastructure and ever increasing research and development in computer languages have swelled E Commerce. But what exactly is E Commerce The ubiquitous definition of E Commerce would be, "Buying and selling of goods on the Internet". However this definition is a little too coarse; too simple. The eCommerce Innovation Centre provides a more pragmatic view by defining E Commerce as every form of business or administrative transaction or exchange of information between a company and its outside world (eCIC, 2001). The first implementations of E Commerce applications can be traced back to the early 1970s, when a few companies began exchanging data among themselves through Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), a prevalent industry standard for inter enterprise communication. Since then there has been no looking back. Companies began deploying huge corporate networks with groups of systems perform cert ain business tasks. The major springboard to E Commerce was provided by the low cost entry of the Internet. Virtually every major company started transforming their businesses to global level through Internet (Gottardi et al, 2004). However today, just a decade after the revolution, E Commerce is plainly considered to be a synonym for high profits. It is an underlying business philosophy assumption of major companies and not some necessary technological breakthrough. Such a ubiquity of E Commerce was mainly due to its potential to lead to dramatic growth in trade and improved efficiency and effectiveness of business practises. As of today, E Commerce consists of several theoretical models, which provide a company with the tools to support the 5 essential elements of conducting business, namely price, promotion, presence, product and place. The important models are: Merchant Model: This model is typically used by traders, resellers, wholesaler and retailers of goods and services. It includes 24x7 ordering and one to one custom marketing (embellix, 2000). Auction Model: This model emulates the traditional 'bidding' model. It implements the bidding mechanisms by presenting goods and their value online. Manufacturer Model: It is used by the manufacturers directly to communicate to the consumers about their goods and services. Affiliate Model: In this model a company becomes an 'affiliate' of another company to advertise itself or its products and needs to pay certain amount for using it.

A Dream Within A Dream English Literature Essay

A Dream Within A Dream English Literature Essay A Dream Within A Dream by Edgar Allen Poe is a poem about the loss of love , the heartbreaking sadness that one faces and the ephemeral nature of time and fleeting of existence. The poem is well known due to Poes various poetic techniques that have been used to represent the excruciating context that Poe expresses in his poem. The main theme of the poem is the loss or lack of love that one faces. By taking a look at Poes use of concealed tone and structure, the various poetic techniques used and as well as the concealed literary devices; Poe expresses an excruciating context. One can easily notice that Poe wrote this Poem after he has lost someone of his love ; Poe writes the poem as a reflection to his misery on the horrible event therefore the poem holds his misery for the loss of love , burden and as well the hopelessness and lament towards life. Poe uses a very depressing tone in his poem to express his love for his loved one in the poem; Poe creates two stanzas that are disparate but however ultimately linked. Poe makes both the stanzas describe that life slips away from us like a long lost lover or also a fistful of golden sand creeping through fingers. Gradually life slips away like sand, or maybe even an hourglass. Poe is secretly trying to tell us by the two stanzas that life is precious but sometimes death can come like a wave from a surf tormented shore and take your loved one away. Poe makes the structure of the poem ordinary and typical to ending in only couplets or triplets however the theme of loss of love is often periodically rephrased in some way in each of the stanzas. Throughout the Poem, Poe also exclaims with sorrow and angers many rhetorical questions that are predominantly asked to only utter his importance and outburst rather than an answer. An example of his exclaimed rhetorical questions would be when in the last stanza Poe makes all the last lines expressed in questions rather than answers. In the First Stanza, Poe starts the Poem with a formal good bye to his loved one (line 1 and 2) Take this kiss upon the brow! And, in parting from you know these two lines express Poes affection and anguish as he loses his loved one. Poe also gives the reader the image of a kiss on a brow and a parting which indirectly means that he and his loved one are parting ways in the beginning. This event that Poe uses the image of could symbolize that it is the end of a relationship, time or even life. It is putative how Poes loved one claims that life is only a dream, now that Poe accedes that fact as his loved one has been extinct from his life, Poe therefore mentions Yet if hope has flown away à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. The less gone? (Line 6 and 9) put across Poes hopelessness when it comes to hope. Poe also repeated the word in two times in two lines (line 7 and 8) to accentuate how hope is fragile and can be destroyed abruptly at any moment that no one knows. Poe concludes the first stanza by men tioning that All what we see or seemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. a dream within a dream . Here, Poe uses alliteration within the terms see and seem to delineate the reader the fact that nothing that one sees, feels or even notices is any more real than a dream. In the second Stanza, Poe uses a disparate environment to express the situation loss of love ; the excruciating context in the Poem. Poe introduces the reader to his lack of love or impotence in other words through the imagery of himself grasping grains of golden sand that creep. This image that Poe represents in his Poem is a significant idea in Poes Poem due to it being ultimately Poes central argument that Poe seems to keep on rephrasing on each of his stanzas In the poem. First, Poes image of golden sand falling delineates the readers of an hour glass which then symbolizes time passing by. The narrator, Poe grabs sand that trickles between his finger , which then reminds him of the meaninglessness of life, and that nothing is more real than a dream. The third piece of imagery that Poe introduces the reader to is the powerful image of the surf tormented shore and puts himself standing among the roars of waves. By placing himself among the tormented roars of waves, Poe creates a metaphor that is used to express Poes torments from the loss of his loved one, and how the waves and roars are powering him and at the same time drowning in his own misery. The poem continues and is basically all about the narrators struggles and pain that he feels for his loved one. All of these metaphors have meanings close to the ephemeral nature of time, which leads Poe to the conclusion that life almost seems to have no meaning and no purpose with the lack of love , as life passes by so fast. The sand and the surf tormented shore or waves are an example that Poe uses to symbolize slow and gradual decay of life and love. The waves keep hitting the shore, until slowly the shore gets depleted by the everlasting waves. All of these symbols lead back to these images which also ultimately lead back to Poes theme of Is it therefore the less gone? and the lack of love that one faces. While I weep- while I weep! (Line 7). Here, Poe gives the reader the notice that how his weep as hi s misery overwhelms his defenses, as he pains for the loss of his love. As Poe explains his misery, weep and pain he implores God for help. Poe emphasizes his pain as Poe wants to save one that has already passed away by placing a metaphor of saving one from the pitiless wave , Poe continuously uses the phrase O God to express his feelings and emotions towards his loved one. Then to conclude, and finish with the theme Poe uses two questions at the end of his poem Is it all we seeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. A dream within a dream, to rephrase once again that everything was a dream and that of the ephemeral nature of time no one can surmount life and that everything will be simply just a dream. In Conclusion, A Dream Within A Dream by Edgar Allen Poe, is a poem that has use of many poetic techniques and ways to express such an excruciating idea where loss, love, anger and the ephemeral nature of time all take place is overall very effective as Poe manages to do so in such a short poem with only two stanzas. The poem displays some very important aspects of life such as death, the ephemeral nature of time and hope in some cases as well within the theme of loss of love and just one who loses their love. Despite this poem, A Dream Within A Dream will still be remembered by myself on how Poes perception that everything around us now is just a dream and nothings as real as we know it.

What´s Rituximab Therapy? Essay -- Alternate Treatment, Biology, Antib

A relatively newer biologic, rituximab provides an alternative strategy for treating the presenting patient. A genetically engineered chimeric anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody, rituximab exerts it therapeutic action by selectively targeting CD-20 positive B-cells1212, 18. As CD-20 is expressed exclusively on pre-B and mature B lymphocytes; stem cells and plasma cells are not implicated in rituximab therapy. The over expression of B-cells expressing the CD-20 surface antigen in the synovium of RA-affected joints has been well established18. The potential mechanisms by which these B-cells contribute to the immunopathogenesis of RA are as follows: they can act as antigen presenting cells, secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines (including tumour necrosis factor-alpha), and generate rheumatoid factor (RF) and other auto-antibodies whilst also activating T cells12. Hence, the rituximab mediated depletion of B-cells is thought to prevent these potential mechanisms from occurring thus controlling the progression of the disease18. Rituximab therapy consists of two 1000mg infusions, given two weeks apart at intervals of no less than 2 weeks. The projected cost of a single course of rituximab therapy is around  £349211 and if clinically efficient would offer the patient a more convenient dosing schedule compared to Anti-TNF therapy. The annual cost does however depend on how often the patient is required to undergo a course of rituximab therapy11. An RCT aimed at investigating different rituximab dosing regimens in methotrexate resistant patients referred to as the DANCER trial, provides significant evidence conveying the potential benefit of rituximab therapy19. As part of the trial, patients received rituximab 500MG, rituximab 1000mg or placeb... ...50 (7): 754--766. 27. Kaneko A. Tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis: efficacy, safety and its place in therapy.Therapeutic advances in chronic disease. 2013; 4 (1): 15--21. 28. An M, Zou Z, Shen H, Zhang J, Cao Y, Jiang Y. The addition of tocilizumab to DMARD therapy for rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. European journal of clinical pharmacology. 2010; 66 (1): 49--59. 29. Schmitt C, Kuhn B, Zhang X, Kivitz A, Grange S. Disease--drug--drug interaction involving tocilizumab and simvastatin in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics. 2011; 89 (5): 735--740. 30. Ding T, Ledingham J, Luqmani R, Westlake S, Hyrich K, Lunt M, Kiely P, Bukhari M, Abernethy R, Bosworth A, Others. BSR and BHPR rheumatoid arthritis guidelines on safety of anti-TNF therapies.Rheumatology. 2010; 49 (11): 2217--2219.