Hsm 230-Week 5 Assignment Hhs Law Profile Paper Free Essays

Medical coverage Portability 1 Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act Name University Class Professor Date Health Insurance Portability 2 The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) was set up in 1996 to secure the privileges of people when getting administrations from wellbeing associations. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act guarantees security and privacy of individual’s wellbeing data. Wellbeing data could be ensured on paper, oral correspondence, or electronically. We will compose a custom paper test on Hsm 230-Week 5 Assignment: Hhs Law Profile Paper or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now On the off chance that an individual’s security is disregarded in any capacity that individual has the choice to record a grievance against the culpable office. The Office for Civil Rights helps people with protests by researching them. On the off chance that important the Office for Civil Rights will force a fine for damaging the Privacy Rule Provision. Criminal infringement of this law are alluded to the United States Department of Justice for examination and activity (United States Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). The Privacy Rule forces decides that medicinal services laborers must comply with to ensure patient’s data. By doing this the Privacy Rule directs how atient’s data could be dealt with in drug stores, medical clinics, and other medicinal services ventures. Patients approach their clinical records if duplicates are required or if botches are found. There could be a money related charge for duplicates yet patients ought to get duplicates inside 30 days of the solicitation. In the event that a clinical supplier requires sharing of the patient’s data; this solicitation must be affirmed by the patient recorded as a hard copy. This notification is generally given by the medicinal services association to the patient upon their first visit. This notification permits the patient to name any individual whom the person in question wishes to approach their clinical documents. A patient could correct or overlook data whenever. Patients would sign or beginning this archive produced by the association which was Health Insurance Portability 3 organized per HIPAA rules. On the off chance that the archive is revised in any capacity the patient must be given the refreshed report and allowed the chance to survey and sign it. The Privacy Rule forces limits on how the data is shared. To give the highest caliber of care; this standard doesn't allow any clinical staff that is legitimately working from the patient to impart data to another staff that is working straightforwardly with the patient. This could incorporate doctors, attendants, and other clinical suppliers that treat the patient. On the off chance that whatever other supplier that is legitimately working with the patient requires the clinical data the patient would need to sign an assent structure. A structure generally called â€Å"release of information† would be finished and would indicate which data could be shared. By determining which data could be shared is another path for the patient to ensure their data. For instance if a patient is applying for extra security they could assent for the disaster protection organization to approach their clinical lab work. The patients record could incorporate increasingly broad history, for example, psychological maladjustment or careful history, yet this data would not be shared. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability law influences everyday tasks from numerous points of view. The Privacy Rule guarantees that different human services suppliers have arrangements and systems as to various approaches to secure a patient’s data. Various offices, for example, medical coverage associations, drug stores, and doctors have strategies with respect to how to secure data. These different human services laborers have prerequisites that are adaptable to allow distinctive medicinal services laborers to execute them as fundamental for their training. Secured clinical work force could restrict the utilization of data as required. Moreover, medicinal services associations are Health Insurance Portability 4 required to find a way to keep up tolerant protection and privacy. These means incorporate yet are not restricted to: composed security techniques, representative preparing, and recruiting a protection official (to manage that an elevated level of care is given). In the event that a buyer feels that their protection has been abused they reserve the option to record a grumbling. This objection can me submitted straightforwardly to the culpable supplier or can be submitted by means of mail, or electronically to the Office for Civil Rights. The Office of Civil Rights gives sufficient space to the customer to clarify why the individual in question feels her data has been utilized without legitimate assent. A buyer may likewise get data on how a protest might be recorded The Office of Civil Rights gives this diagram of punishments that could be evaluates: A huge punishment might be evaluated whenever saw as liable up to $100. 00 for each infringement, up to $25,000 every year, for every prerequisite or denial damaged. Criminal punishments apply for specific activities, for example, purposely acquiring ensured wellbeing data infringing upon the law. Criminal punishments can run up to $50,000 and one year in jail for specific offenses; up to $100,000 and as long as five years in jail if the offenses are carried out under misrepresentations; and up to $250,000 and as long as 10 years in jail if the offenses are perpetrated with the expectation to sell, move or se secured wellbeing data for business advantage, individual addition or pernicious mischief. (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2008). The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act was intended to give a reliable measure of security in the trading of information for a patient. At the point when the guidelines were executed it became clear that there was a lot t o do. There were numerous gaps in the framework Health Insurance Portability 5 when it came time to ensure persistent clinical data. It was discovered that the security prerequisites would apply to all clinical work force. This enactment gave a framework that secures everyone’s rights. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act likewise set up assurance from segregation dependent on the data in the records. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act serves to secure patient’s directly by setting a standard of training for guaranteeing the protection of client’s data. A customer may choose whom he wishes to approach his own data by marking a waiver of assent. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act likewise would lead an examination of any cases of infringement and â€Å"holds violators accountable† (HHS. Gov, 2008). Health care coverage Portability and Accountability Act consistence impacts all offices that have collaboration with a client’s individual data like clinical staff, clinical records, charging, and so on. Medical coverage Portability and Accountability law is awkward now and again yet it is likewise important to shield our data from being utilized such that we don't wish. Medical coverage Portability 6 References Department of Health and Human Services (2008) What does HIPAA security rule do? Recovered September 26, 2008, from http://www. hhs. gov/Manning, S. S. (2003). Moral administration in human administrations: A multi-dimensional methodology. Boston: Allyn and Bacon. US branch of wellbeing and human administrations. (2008). US branch of wellbeing and human administrations. Recovered September 25, 2008, from Department of Health and Human Services: http://www. hhs. gov/ocr/hipaa/ Step by step instructions to refer to Hsm 230-Week 5 Assignment: Hhs Law Profile Paper, Essays

No Permanent Friends, Only Permanent Objectives essays

No Permanent Friends, Only Permanent Objectives articles The topic of the cutting edge sovereign state in the course of the most recent four centuries has been no perpetual companions, just changeless destinations. During the period from 1789 to 1823, The United States achieved one of its goals, the Monroe tenet of 1823 however was fruitless in the Proclamation of Neutrality gave in 1793 destinations. The objective for America was to keep no remote binds with any nation as communicated in George Washingtons goodbye address when he expressed make no changeless monetary ties or collusions. On December 2, 1823, the fifth leader of the United States, James Monroe, communicated the Monroe Doctrine in his seventh yearly message to Congress. The Monroe teaching was a fundamental arrangement for the resistance of all North and South American countries against remote assault. The finish of the Napoleonic wars in 1815 denoted the separation of the Spanish domain in the New World as uprisings and freedom developments got normal. The new Spanish republics, for example, the recently autonomous Argentina, looked for and anticipated acknowledgment by the United States, and numerous Americans embraced that thought. President Monroe wasnt ready to chance war for countries he knew wouldnt endure. From his perspective, as long as the other European forces didnt mediate, the United States government could simply let Spain and her defiant settlements battle it out. After at long last perceiving these new colonizes in 1822, they were viewed as making coalitions with France. This made the Monroe principle be given and implemented. In the Monroe Doctrine, the United States educated the forces regarding the Old World that the American mainlands were not, at this point open to European colonization and that any push to expand European political impact into the New World would be viewed as perilous to harmony and wellbeing. This approach succeeded on the grounds that it met British interests just as American, and for the following 100 years was made sure about by the ... <!

The Fight for the Ordination of Women in the Roman Catholic Church Ess

Women of the Catholic Church have been prohibited from holding significant influential positions since the beginning. While the more subordinate ladies of the early Catholic Church once acknowledged this view, Catholic ladies around the globe are presently testing it. Different mainstream and strict impacts in the course of the most recent couple of decades have enabled ladies to discover their voice and take a stand in opposition to this long-standing custom of separation (Henold 15). Regardless of the entirety of the discussion and the lack of clerics, the Catholic Church has not waivered in its conviction against the appointment of ladies into brotherhood. To increase a superior comprehension of this discussion, one must look at the history and goals of the Catholic women's activist development, just as the thinking behind the church’s choice to maintain this long-standing custom. In the beginning of the Catholic Church, severe rules were set on ladies to guarantee that they were unadulterated, local, and accommodating. They were relied upon to fit in with the model of the â€Å"eternal woman† by surrendering any close to home wants and giving up themselves to God (Henold 25). This perfect lady was depicted in a production called The Eternal Women, which was written in 1934 by a German history specialist by the name of Gertrud von Le Fort (Henold 26). Le Fort communicated that ladies were relegated the obligation of penance, and keeping in mind that men needed to forfeit too, it was not in their tendency. It was normal that a lady must acquiescence to her significant other in all parts of life, including choices relating to kid bearing (Henold 27). She utilized the Virgin Mary for instance of give up, by clarifying that Mary gave up herself to God while tolerating her job as the mother of Jesus (Henold 27). ... ...ntinue battling for equivalent rights in any event, when confronted with suspension. The Vatican gave an announcement in May of 2008 saying that all ladies clerics and the ministers who appointed them would be banished (â€Å"Roman Catholic†). In spite of endless dangers to supporters, the Association of Roman Catholic Women Priests is picking up help as they keep on appointing ladies into brotherhood and set up gatherings around the world. It is hard to foresee what's in store for the ladies of the Catholic Church. Despite the fact that they have discovered achievement in certain regions in their battle for fairness, the Vatican has stayed steady in its refusal to permit the appointment of ladies into brotherhood even into the current day. It is obvious that regardless of what choices are made later on, this will proceed be a subject of steady discussion and strain in the Catholic Church.

Diversity of Cultures Promotion of Individuality and the Search for Truth - Literature Essay Samples

In his book On Liberty John Stuart Mill argues the importance of individual freedoms for the betterment of all of society and for the individual himself. This individuality creates a dynamic for society to adapt itself towards truth and is only restricted to the extent that it should not harm others. If then the multitude of individual beliefs, opinions, and actions are important for everyone it becomes clear that they must be protected and kept free, which means that they must be protected from the law and from the tyranny of social pressure often stemming from the majority. So if diversity of thought and action is important then surely cultural diversity is important as well, for if there were fewer cultures there would seem to be less diversity in general and thus less diversity in beliefs, opinions etc. This may indeed be the case but upon closer inspection there seems to be more than initially meets the eye and we find that there is actually a very interesting dynamic that build s between the preservation of cultural diversity and the promotion of individual thought. This is because cultures are founded on a set of underlying beliefs, so the individuality within these cultures may be stifled for the survival of the culture itself. If this is the case then cultural diversity can act as a mechanism which acts counter to individual diversity. If this is true we will have an ambiguous overall effect. There will be a reduction of diversity of individual thought via cultural repression and oppositely, there will be the creation of diversity through the greater number of unique cultural perspectives.First we need to understand why, exactly, Mill claims that individual diversity is so important. The (generalized) idea behind this is that even if an idea or belief is held by only one individual it may still be correct, and the others (majority) incorrect, Secondly, their interpretation of experiences may be correct, but unsuitable to him. Customs are made for custom ary circumstances and customary characters; and his circumstances or his character may be uncustomary. (122). And even if the minority belief is incorrect the arguments presented by the proponents of the minority belief would help the others (majority) to better understand the validity of their correct beliefs and thus to better understand themselves. Another possibility that Mill discusses is that both positions contain some fraction of truth, an intelligent following of custom, or even occasionally an intelligent deviation from custom, is better than a blind and simply mechanical adhesion to it. (124). In this case, discussion and argument amongst the two positions would yield a compromise position composed of the fraction of truths from each position to get closer to overall truth. So it becomes clear that individual/minority beliefs are essential for the progress towards truth, there are but few persons, in comparison with the whole of mankind, whose experiments, if adopted b y other, would be likely to be any improvement on established practice. But these few are the salt of the earth; without them, human life would become a stagnant pool. (129). And we will assume that the progress towards truth is for the better of society since Mill appears to assume this throughout his work. In order to ensure that individual/minority thoughts flourish, Mill proposes that there be no legal or societal action taken against the individual thoughts, to the extent that they do not harm others, eccentricity of conduct are shunned equally with crimes, until by dint of not following their own nature they have not nature to follow: their human capacities are withered and starved (126). Already we see that according to Mill, societal pressures towards a given belief would be viewed as repressive towards individuality and thus truth.Why does the existence of a culture necessarily mean that it represses its people towards some set of beliefs? The answer is quite simple. If c ultures allowed for absolute individuality they would no longer be held together by the common thread that allowed them to identify themselves as a culture in the first place. Whatever identifying feature that the culture possessed would be greatly threatened by the divergence caused by individuality and the culture would die or become meaningless, and there would be no reason why civilization should not die out, as in the Byzantine Empire. (129). For now it is plausible to claim that a culture must preserve its ways and beliefs in order to preserve itself and in such way represses individuality. Even if this is true though it seems apparent that having multiple, small, albeit repressive cultures would be better for diversity of thought than to have one huge culture repressing towards one set of beliefs. Perhaps having many small repressive cultures is the next best thing to complete individual thought in our effort towards truth.Thankfully we do not have to settle with this as a co mpromise. Mill provides us enough leeway so that we can imagine a situation that had the positives of cultural diversity without the drawbacks of cultural repression. Such a solution is cultural shuffling. That is to suggest that while an individual may be raised in a given culture and grow up given that cultures slant, he is able to associate himself as an adult with any given culture he wants, and thus seek out others who are like-minded, and enjoy the same things that he does, It is possible that he might be guided in some good path, and kept out of harms way, without any of these things. (123). So instead of cultures battling to eliminate independent thinking to preserve themselves they utilize that independent thinking to sustain themselves, and perhaps spawn others. Instead of inheriting culture, one chooses culture based on his preferences derived as an individual. This way nothing is repressed, instead, people independently come together to join a culture that perhaps they were not originally a part of. And having all of these unique cultures will inspire an infinite combination of discussions (by the free minded Genius/individual, Genius can only breath freely in a an atmosphere of freedom. Persons of genius are, ex vi termini, more individual than any other people (129)) whose conclusions will help get closer to truth and will inspire new cultures.All that has been said is that one can reconcile Mills fundamental beliefs on individuality with the existence of cultural diversity. Why must we necessarily reconcile these two things? Why cant it be that Mill would approve of any system which allowed for individuality? He could, but imagine the alternative to many cultures; in its most extreme form this would be the existence of only one culture. It has already been discussed why this seems like a bad idea but what if the culture had only one idea that held it together and that was the idea of individuality? What if the culture existed to allow individua l freedom and this was its only concern? This seems to be the vaguest possibility, allowing for the most individual freedom one culture could possibly have. If this were possible it would seem Mill would be equally satisfied since individuality would flourish. This is a paradox though because such a culture cannot exist. If it did exist and allowed all individual thought, it would also need to allow for questioning itself. To question itself it would need to question its only identifying characteristic: the freedom of individuality. In doing so it would create new culture with the complete opposite defining characteristic: no freedom of individuality. The two cultures would discuss and inevitably a new culture would be born from some middle ground and the system would keep dividing itself until it would be back to a very diverse set of cultures. So it appears that the only way for Mill to have true individual freedom is for diverse cultures to exist. Without these cultures individua lity could not flourish.Before, when we blamed cultures for repressing their members in order to maintain their identities we were being unfairly strict in describing cultural behavior, There has been a time when the element of spontaneity and individuality was in excess, and the social principle had a hard struggle with it. (125). We were assuming that the cultures did not change dynamically and that members could not shift amongst them as they pleased. The truth is that while cultures might bias those born into them, they are almost always open to everyone. Those that have opinions that coincide with one culture are naturally welcomed into that culture. So in fact cultures do not repress individuality, they encourage the discovery of culture itself! And thus they promote individuality by creating a mechanism for the creation of new cultures through discussion.We know that Mill praises individuality for its ability to seek truth and advance ones self and society at large, In propor tion to the development of his individuality, each person becomes more valuable to himself, and is, therefore, capable of being more valuable to others. There is a greater fullness of life about his own existence, and when there is more life in the units there is more in the mass which is composed of them. (127). In order for this to be possible Mill implicitly requires cultural diversity. This is because cultural diversity is the only mechanism by which individuals can find where they most belong, discuss with others, and create new cultures, It will not be denied by anybody that originality is a valuable element in human affairs. (129). The more cultures there are the more diverse beliefs there will be and the more beliefs that will be created. Remember, this is important for two main reasons, 1) a new belief, however unpopular might be correct and 2) even an incorrect belief helps achieve truth through discussion which allows the other individuals (in a culture) to understand why they are correct and thus understand themselves. If they understand themselves they understand their individuality and thus contribute towards the discovery of truth. This is the mechanism which drives truth, cultural diversity and its spawning of other cultures and the discussion between those cultures. Without any cultures no discussion can take place and so truth cannot be pursued, thus society will not be bettered and the individual will not develop to understand himself, his value, his worth, his character, and his importance.

The Law Can Affect Family Life Essay - 1991 Words

The law can affects family life in many ways. Laws will indicate whom and when we can marry, under what circumstances we can file for a divorce, who can adopt children, what responsibilities should come with parenting, and what happens when we do not uphold our parental responsibilities. In recent years, our lawmakers here in the United States have made important decisions affecting families consisting of gay parents. Gay couples can face a legal minefield when trying to ensure parental rights. Although, the first battle of legalizing gay marriage has already been won. States still determine who qualifies as a mom or a dad not the federal government. Granting same sex married couples the same parental rights as traditional married parents, such as custodial and legal rights, will only benefit the welfare of the child they share. On June 26, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in Obergefell v. Hodges that denying the fundamental institution of marriage to same-sex coup les violated the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution. The Fourteenth Amendment says that states must provide equal protection of the laws for all of their citizens. It also guarantees that no person should be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. The Fourteenth Amendment requires a state to license a marriage between two people of the same sex and to recognize a marriage between two people of the same sex when their marriage was lawfully licensed andShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Domestic Violence On Children915 Words   |  4 Pageshave long-term affect and some of them of the affects of abuse stay for decades. In an article, â€Å"The Hidden Consequence Of Domestic Violence Linger For Decades†, from Think Progress, the author Tara Culp-Ressler wrote, â€Å"You’re at a higher risk for some of the largest health problems that our country is facing today† which informs that the victims of domestic violence are at higher ris k of some of the serious health problems which can significantly impact on one’s life. Most of the affects of domesticRead MoreGender Roles And Responsibilities Within A Family1609 Words   |  7 Pagestypical Western family consists of a mother and father, and their dependent children; this is known as the nuclear family. There’s a mix of genders and age generations. Gender is the social construction of how a person should look and act based upon their biological sex. For example a male baby is often dressed in blue, whereas a female baby is often dressed in pink. These gender ideals are not applicable worldwide, as views on gender vary dramatically. 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Organizational Culture at The Monterey Regional Waste...

Organizational Culture at The Monterey Regional Waste Management District (MRWMD) Introduction 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The Monterey Regional Waste Management District (MRWMD) had humble beginnings in 1951 when forward thinking county officials had a vision of a better waste management system for the Monterey Peninsula, ending the era of unconditional garbage dumping that had prevailed. From this time on, a Board of Directors has labored to ensure that the waste from Monterey Peninsula residents is disposed of in an environmentally friendly manner that not only satisfies state and federal legal requirements, but ensures that the health of the peninsula is preserved for decades to come . 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Currently†¦show more content†¦Firstly, that the beliefs, values, assumptions and behaviors of employees within specific divisions (headed by a Manager) are the same. Second, that the employees not interviewed would have had similar opinions to those that were. Lastly, that a wide enough sample of employees were interviewed that individual biases would be identified as such and could then be excluded from further analysis. A summary of the interviews, including starting questions, is attached at annex A.the annexes. Organization Chart as Interviewed Employee values and beliefs 6.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;It became evident during the interview process that all MRWMD employees feel strongly about the impact that human waste is having on the environment and are staunch supporters of the organizations reduce, reuse and recycle philosophy. Every employee was proud to admit that they recycled at home and stated that working at MRWMD has only encouraged them to be more conscientious in their recycling efforts. Although a majority of employees had been taught as children to recycle and were simply continuing the practice, the few that had not previously recycled at home stated that they only did so now because of the education they had received since becoming employed at the MRWMD. 7.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In addition to recycling at home and at work, MRWMD employees also expressed a

Holocaust (2127 words) Essay Example For Students

Holocaust (2127 words) Essay HolocaustHolocaustFrom Hitler’s rain of terror came the Holocaust and the extermination of the Jews. It began with the first assault against the Jews to the beginning of ghettoization to Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jews; and then the Nuremberg laws. The horror of the holocaust can never be justified. Hitler was to blame for this act against Humanity. After the boycott of Jewish business came the laws and views that deprived the Jews of their personal benefits and livelihood. The reason of the boycott was that Jews weren’t from Aryan decent, as the German population seems to be. There were two laws passed: 1) the law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service and 2) the law against the Overcrowding of German Schools and the Institutions of Higher Learning. With these laws the Jews that served in the war where allowed exception. This law divided the Jews who served in the army and proved themselves to the German people and those Jews who didnâ€℠¢t serve in the war. The number of Jews was one hundred thousand, or one in six Jews of the population that served during the war. Of those who didn’t serve in the war; their children were not allowed to attend school. Those Jews who did serve intermarried; their children were allowed to attend school. When the Nuremberg laws were passed in 1935 everything changed. The fall of 1933 announced the expulsion of the Jews from the 3rd Reich. Jewish guilds were crushed. The Orthodox Jews will not want it and will not listen to us. They will suffer and go hungry rather than defile themselves by eating meat slaughtered by the method decreed by the wicked ones†¦.. The Jews of Germany must stand up to the trail for the sake of our holy law. We must show the entire world that we are ready to sacrifice ourselves for the sanctity of Israel†¦ (Witness to the Holocaust, 1997, p. 19)The Jews stood up to their beliefs and were going to sacrifice themselves for it. With the two laws (Nuremberg laws), the law for the Protection of German Blood and Honor and the Reich Citizenship law, no Jew were to be citizens, but just state subjects. A marriage between Jews and German people of Aryan decent was prohibited. No Aryan woman under the age of forty-five was to be employed in a Jewish household. The Jews were not allowed to fly the Reich flag. â€Å"Though these laws may seem innocuous and merely the work of bureaucrats, categorization had deadly consequences. Definition was the first step toward destruction.† (Witness to the Holocaust, 1997, p. 24). The Jews that converted to be priests were stripped of that title or position and declared as Jews. No longer were Jews or half-Jews allowed to be a citizen; and this divided Germany. From the Evian Conference of the refugee crisis, Hitler said:I can only hope that the other world which has such deep sympathy for these criminals (Jews) will at least be generous enough to convert this sympathy into practical aid. We on our part are ready to put all these criminals at the disposal of these countries, for all I care, even on luxury ships. (Witness to the Holocaust, 1997, p. 32)In the end Germany gloated. If each nation had agreed to take in seventeen thousand Jews at once, every Jew in the Reich would have been saved but they failed, as no single nation would accept Jewish refugees. The November pogroms became the start of the destruction and killing of Jews in Germany. This started from the assassination of a German embassy official in Paris by a Jewish teenager. With the burning of 1,300 synagogues along with Torah scrolls, Bibles and prayer books, Aryan buildings were to be watched so that they would not go up in flames. 30,000 Jews were arrested and sent to concentration camps, and 7,000 businesses were destroyed; merchandise was stolen. Jewish cemeteries, schools, hospitals, and homes were destroyed also, and 236 Jews were murdered. All this happened in 48 hours. The November pogroms were the last occasion for the street violence against Jews in Germany. While Jews could thereafter leave their homes without fear of attack, a lethal process of destruction that was more effective and more virulent was set in place. (Witness to the Holocaust, 1997, p.42)The Beginning of Gettoization came after the November Pogroms. A council of Jewish elders was established on the soul purpose of being responsible for the evacuation of the Jews. The council of elders saw that orders are carried out and the Jews were to obey the Jewish council. For the policy on schooling, Himmler writes:For the non-German population of the East there must be no higher school that the four-grade elementary school. The sole goal of this school is to be simple arithmetic- up to five hundred at the most; writing of one’s name; the doctrine that it is a divine law to obey the Germans and to be honest, industrious, and good. I don’t think that reading is necessary. (Witness to the Holocaust, 19 97, p. 70-71)From this no leadership class could emerge, and later on a difference would emerge. Jews are to be killed; all Jews, and Jewish labor is to be devalued. The behavior of Jews during the Holocaust is more controversial than that of the role of the Judenrat, or Jewish council, who were the leaders over the ghetto population. The Judenrat was subject to criticism from the ghettoized Jews. To the ghettoized Jews the Judenrat were the representatives and enforcers of the German orders the ones who did the dirty work. It is said that if the Jews had been unorganized and leaderless, then there would have been chaos, and the victims would not be between four and a half to six million people. The Judenrat leaders soon refused to let their Jews be sent to death or be brought to near-death or deportation. From this act, the leaders were shot. Others committed suicide rather than to participate in Jewish deportation or to turn over Jews to the Nazis. As a result there was a mass kil ling of Jews by the Nazis which caused the fall of the Judenrat council. Throughout Nazi rule, the Jews where the central target. Though Jews were not the only target of the Nazis, other groups targeted were: political opponents, socialists, liberals, trade unionists, dissident clergy, those who didn’t fit in with the racial theories, mentally retarded, physically handicapped, emotionally disturbed Germans, Gypsies, and also Jehovah Witnesses. When the German Army captured Kiev, the capital of Ukraine, a number of German buildings were destroyed by the Soviet Secret Police. The Germans sought retaliation and the Jews of Kiev were targeted. An outdoor office was set up at the ravine Babi Yar, where the Jews waited to be â€Å"registered†. The Jews were stripped of their clothes and valuables and were marched naked to the ravine. There they were shot. The killing continued for three days and three nights. Between the Jewish New Year and the Day of Atonement there were 33 ,771 Jews dead, lying in the Ravine of Babi Yar. In the months to come the site at Babi Yar remained a site where executions of Gypsies and Soviet prisoners of war took place. At the time when the Red army was advancing. The mass graves at Babi Yar were dug up and the bodies destroyed. For more than a month the men worked to dispose of the bodies, and the flames could be seen from Kiev. The Jews then took a call to arms. They fought against the Nazi troops that were taking them in for deportation purposes. Those in concentration camps fought back as well. The Jews fought against impossible odds. Though they were confined to the ghettos they were still vulnerable. The arms acquired by the Jews were difficult and dangerous to get, and no assistance was obtained by the allies or by the Polish underground resistance. The Jews attacked the Nazis when they learned of their intentions. The call to arms in Bialystok read:Even if we are too weak to defend our lives, we are strong enough to d efend Jewish honor and human dignity, and thus prove to the world that we are captive, but no defeated. Do not go freely to your death! Fight with your life until the last breath†¦ Make your enemies pay with blood for blood and death for death. (Witness to the Holocaust, 1997, p. 150)The Jews took to arms and fought back against Hitler’s plan to exterminate the Jewish population. In Cold Blood EssayHistory Essays